The issue of illegal migration, specifically the flow of refugees, presents a significant national security dilemma for island nations of the world. These island nations, due to their geographical characteristics, political systems, and limited resources, are uniquely vulnerable to the challenges posed by unlawful migration. Although island nations may have strong legal and ethical obligations and considerations under international law to provide refuge for those fleeing persecution or conflict, their ability to manage and integrate large numbers of refugees is often strained. As present global migration patterns change and humanitarian crises increase, the national security of island nations is increasingly demanding and moving at risk. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the complex relationship between refugees, illegal immigration, and national security in island nations. The article will examine the geopolitical, social, and economic challenges these countries face, their efforts to address the arrival of refugees, and the broader consequences of their response on both local, regional, and global security.
Geopolitical and Geographical Challenges
Island nations are particularly vulnerable to the effects of illegal immigration and refugee crises due to their geographical position. Unlike mainland countries with natural borders like rivers or mountains, island nations face the challenge of securing vast coastlines and maritime borders. Refugees fleeing conflict, environmental disasters, or human rights abuses often seek refuge in these island States, which are seen as accessible points of entry. The unique geography of island nations makes it difficult to monitor and control these borders effectively, which in turn can exacerbate national security concerns. For instance, many island nations in the Mediterranean or the Pacific Ocean have become popular destinations or transitory points for migrants and refugees attempting to reach Europe or other more prosperous regions. The fact that islands are surrounded by water, with often limited coast guards and military resources, makes them particularly vulnerable to a sudden surge in migration. Refugees who arrive by sea are often in desperate conditions, and their arrival places significant pressure on local resources and infrastructure. At the same time, island nations’ small size and population make them less able to absorb large numbers of refugees without overwhelming their public services, healthcare systems, housing, and social support structures. In 2022, UNHCR estimate that global resettlement needs would slightly increase to 1,473,156 persons, as compared to 2021, when 1,445,383 were estimated to need resettlement. With limited resources and small populations, these nations face difficult decisions when responding to the influx of displaced individuals.
National Security Concerns
National security concerns are at the heart of the dilemma faced by island nations when it comes to illegal immigration and refugees. The arrival of large numbers of refugees can create a range of security challenges, from concerns about terrorism and extremism to the potential destabilisation of political systems and the economy.
A. Terrorism and Extremism. One of the major concerns presented by illegal migration is the potential infiltration of extremist or terrorist groups. Refugees who arrive from regions experiencing conflict or instability, such as the Middle East, Central Asia, or parts of Africa, could be targeted by extremist groups seeking to gain access to more stable or booming regions. While many refugees are fleeing violence and persecution, the fear of terrorism often arises when a small fraction of migrants may have extremist ties or sympathise with them. For example, the Syrian refugee crisis sparked fears in many European countries about the possibility of terrorists entering via the refugee flow. Most of the island nations, especially those in the Mediterranean, are on the frontlines of this migration. These concerns create conflict between the desire to uphold human rights and the obligation to safeguard the national security of the countries. In a world where the threat of terrorism and extremism is ever existent, island nations must balance the need for compassion with the need to secure their borders or coastal belts.
B. Criminal Activity Including Smuggling. Another major national security threat posed by illegal immigration is the connection of criminal networks among the groups. Refugees often rely on illegal networks to reach their destinations, which opens chances for organised crime groups to profit from human trafficking. These criminal organisations or groups not only exploit exposed refugees but also contribute to other illegal activities, such as arms smuggling, drug trafficking, and human trafficking. Security forces of island nations often lack the resources to combat these international smuggling operations effectively due to economic constraints. The maritime nature of illegal migration means that it is difficult to monitor and intercept smugglers, especially when they use remote or uninhabited islands to offload refugees before heading to larger parts of territories.
C. Political Instability and Social Tensions.The influx of refugees can lead to significant political instability, especially in island nations where the existing political system may be fragile or under pressure. The sudden appearance of large numbers of refugees can strain local governments’ capacity to provide adequate services, housing, and support. This strain on resources can lead to dissatisfaction among the local population, resulting in political polarisation. Social tensions may also arise as the arrival of refugees challenges national identity and cultural norms. Refugees may face difficulties integrating into island societies, leading to friction between local populations and newcomers. This may be particularly acute if the refugees come from different cultural, religious, or ethnic backgrounds, which could create fear, resentment, or xenophobia among the host population. These social divisions can undermine national cohesion, making it harder for island nations to manage the refugee situation effectively.
Social and Economic Strains
The social and economic strains caused by illegal immigration can further complicate the national security dilemma of island nations. The integration of refugees into society can be an expensive and time-consuming process, often requiring substantial financial resources that small island nations cannot afford. Refugees may be highly dependent on State aid and public assistance, particularly if they do not have skills that are easily transferable to the local job market. For instance, refugee populations may require access to healthcare, education, and housing, all of which are costly to provide. This can divert resources away from other areas of national concern, such as infrastructure development, economic growth, and social welfare. In island nations with already limited public finance, the burden of managing refugee inflows can lead to significant fiscal challenges. Additionally, island nations may face economic disruptions caused by the sudden influx of refugees. The labour market may be flooded with migrants who are willing to work for lower wages, which can depress wages for local workers. This could increase competition for jobs, particularly in industries that are already struggling. Economic uncertainty may also lead to increased crime rates and a rise in populist political movements that seek to limit immigration, further polarising the nation.Humanitarian and Legal Considerations
Despite the national security challenges posed by illegal immigration, island nations are often bound by international law to offer refuge to those in need. The 1951 Refugee Convention , to which many island nations are signatories, obligates States to protect refugees and provide them with asylum. These legal frameworks are designed to ensure that refugees are not returned to countries where they would face persecution, violence, or death. However, these international obligations can be difficult to reconcile with national security concerns. Island nations may face criticism from the international community if they adopt overly restrictive immigration policies or fail to adequately protect refugees. At the same time, they must balance these legal commitments with the practical realities of managing migration and ensuring the safety and security of their citizens. In some cases, island nations may attempt to circumvent these obligations by pushing for regional agreements or external assistance in managing refugee populations. Regional frameworks, such as those established by the European Union for Mediterranean Nations or the Pacific Island Forum for Pacific Nations, can provide a mechanism for burden sharing and cooperation. These agreements can help mitigate the security challenges faced by island nations while ensuring that refugees are treated humanely.
Possible Solutions and Strategies
To address the national security challenges associated with illegal immigration, island nations can adopt several strategies:
A. Enhanced Border/Coastal Security.Island nations can increase border/coastal security measures, including the use of advanced surveillance technologies, increased coast guard patrols, and international cooperation with neighbouring countries to monitor and control refugee flows. However, the existing lower level of economic conditions of most of the island nations hinders the inclusion of high technology into the security of the country, hence, need to meet reliable alternatives in the context of grand strategy.
B. Regional Cooperation. Regional cooperation is crucial in addressing the refugee crisis. Island nations can work together within regional organisations to share the burden of refugees’ protection and resettlement, ensuring that the security concerns of individual nations are addressed collectively. Regional cooperation further allows for a more coordinated, efficient, and sustainable response, sharing the resources and promoting long-term solutions and stability.
C. Integration Programmes.Effective integration programmes, including language training, job assistance, and community support initiatives, can help refugees become productive members of society, reducing social tensions and economic strain. However, the integration programme will become challenging if the native community does not accept the integration.
D. Climate Adaptation. Island nations can also focus on building resilience to climate change, both reducing environmental displacement and ensuring their long-term survival. This could include investing in climate adaptation strategies and international partnerships to address the root causes of illegal migration.
Conclusion
The illegal influx of refugees represents a considerable national security dilemma for most of the island nations. These countries face unique and common challenges due to their geographical isolation, limited resources, and comparatively leisurely populations. The risks associated with illegal migration include terrorism and criminal activity. Political instability and economic strain in most of the island nations present serious security concerns. While island nations must maintain their international obligations to protect refugees, they must also safeguard the well-being and security of their citizens. Through enhanced border/coastal security, regional cooperation, and effective integration programmes, island nations can better navigate and manage the complicated challenges posed by refugees’ migration and strengthen their national security. Ultimately, the issue of illegal refugees’ migration underscores the need for global cooperation in addressing the root causes of displacement, including conflict, climate change and poverty.
About the writer:
Lieutenant Colonel Palitha Herath RSP psc M.CPS PgD CPS Dip in Law SLA is a Military Research Officer at the Institute of National Security Studies (INSS), the premier think-tank on National Security established under the Ministry of Defence. The opinions expressed are his own and not necessarily reflective of the Institute or the Ministry of Defence.